Which Monarch Had The Worst In-Laws? (England)

Monarch With the Worst In-Laws (England):

Please visit YouTube to watch!

First off, no, I will not be discussing any modern royal-in-laws. In my opinion most modern royal-in-laws are either kind, or inconsequential, their scandals are nothing when compared to the past, though not to be overlooked in general. And at the end of the day most of the royals that impact my viewers have so little say on our lives they might as well not be royal (flash yellow). No, I’ll be looking at historical rulers instead. I’ll try to do one of these for random countries going forward and this will be an ongoing series, let me know if there’s anyone you think should be on this list (seriously, write something in the comments for me!). The first king is Henry III of England, whom you might have never heard of. For those who know though, he’s bold choice, and I’m being slightly expansive on my definition of in-laws, but just go with me. I am sure a few of your were hoping for Edward II, but I think his half-brothers and cousins hurt him just as much as his in-laws. Henry III though, well, it’s painful and you may not have heard most of this before.

As a monarch I think Henry III is often overlooked. Despite his long rule, 56 years, the fourth longest for an English reign (fifth for any monarch of the UK, I’m not forgetting Scotland), he is often ignored when discussing baronial uprisings with most looking to his father, King John, he of Robin Hood fame. He is also eclipsed by his son, Edward I, Longshanks, when it comes to kingly power. Poor Henry also had to deal with not one in-law group being problematic, not two, but three seperate in-law groups. Who were these people you’re asking at this point?

Well, Henry III was the king of England from October 1216-November 1272. He was the oldest son of King John and John’s second wife, Isabella of Angouleme. He became king at the age of nine after his father died from too many peaches and dysentery (good old dysentery). King John had been in the middle of a war of sorts before his death and for a moment it looked like England would become a French holding, but let’s not worry too much about that today. Isabella of Angouleme was not invited to be her son’s regent. Instead William the Marshall, whom you might remember from the Empress Matilda’s episodes. William was and is considered one of the greatest knights of his age, at least that’s what the poem he commissioned says. But really, William was a great statesman of England and went out of his way to protect young Henry. He’ll be getting his own special episode on Passed for patrons later this year when I cover what happened with Henry II’s great plans. While Henry III's mother wasn’t deeply involved in his government she is the entry point of his first set of in-laws to cause him problems.

Isabella had been very young when she married King John. She was at the oldest 14 and possibly 12, King John was 33, oh, and she was his second wife. What’s even worse is that prior to their marriage she had been betrothed to a man named Hugh IX, Count of La Marche, Seigneur of Lusignan, Hugh IX who was at least 15 years older than her. Seigneur is equivalent to the English title Lord. Hugh IX had been married previously and had a son from that first union, Hugh X Lusignan, whom I’ll just call Hugh de Lusignan, was about the same age as Isabella. Prior to king John death in 1216 his and Isabella’s oldest daughter, Joan of England, who was six at that point, had been betrothed to Hugh de Lusignan. Joan had been sent to Hugh’s county of La Marche at the time of her betrothal. Don’t worry there was nothing untoward about this, she would likely be looked after by his step-mother or sister. She would learn the culture of that court and what was expected of her. Yes, it’s shocking to us to seperate a young child from their parents and it might have upset Joan, but it wasn’t malicious. The elder Hugh died in 1219 and the younger Huge became the count of La Marche, Joan was still too young to marry, the canonical age for girls was 12. 

Before she could be married Joan’s mother swooped in and stole her husband! Yes, this is where the first in-law problems come from. Isabella, who was either 32 or 34 in 1220 married the son of her previously betrothed and the betrothed of her daughter. I do wonder if she waited until the elder Hugh died so as not to hurt his feelings. Isabella had given birth to her first child, Henry III in 1207, when she was 19 or 21 and she and John had a total a five children all whom survived to adulthood. Hugh de Lusignan said ‘Hold my beer”. With him Isabella had nine children, all whom survived to adulthood, that’s 14 children for her, she was 41 or 43 when she had her youngest. Oh, and none of those children were twins, though she may have had two in the same year. This means the rather young king of England, only 13 at this point had a powerful, and as we’ll see soon, grasping step-father. And he would soon have five half-brothers who were ambitious and four half-sisters who needed husbands, this isn’t even taking into account his three full sisters who needed husbands, including the one who had just been jilted, and one full brother who needed something to do. Oh, and Isabella and Hugh held onto young Joan initially until the Pope intervened, she would marry the king of Scotland, Alexander II the year after her mother married her fiancé. I will come back to Henry III’s step father and half-siblings, who I’m lumping into the in-law category, they all need to grow up and start making bad decisions first. 

Now I’ll get to the traditional in-laws, Henry III’s wife and her family. Henry took a little longer than most kings to get married, despite trying. His initial matches included Marjorie of Scotland, who was the daughter of the Scottish king, Alexander II. Henry was also interested in Yolande, the daughter of the Duke of Brittany. And finally, he was close enough to marrying Joan of Ponthieu to be looking at papal consent when he was stymied by his cousin, Blanche of Castile, the dowager queen of France stopped things. By the time he finally found a wife he was 29. Remember, he had ruled a kingdom for 20 years at this point and this was a time men could be married as young as 14. He finally found a bride in 1236 when he wed Eleanor of Provence who was 12 or 13 (yes, if you listen to the podcast or follow me on here you’ll hear about plenty more marriages between very young women and much older men, sorry). Before anyone gets upset Eleanor herself appeared to be a good bride for Henry, at least in Henry’s eyes, to the people of London she and her family were seen as a bit of a problem. She, being a rather young woman, needed some members of her family to join her, so her maternal uncles and cousins joined her, they were known as the Savoyards. 

Eleanor’s mother had nine brothers, of these William, Peter, and Boniface lived in England for a time and were influential to the family, Philip, wouldn’t spend much time in England but was able to gain ecclesiastical offices in England and was active in Henry III’s continental concerns (yes, apparently one could hold offices in England and not live there most of the time, it’s like newspaper owners today, Daily Mail). London had never liked foreigners, it was often a bit xenophobic throughout this period of history. It really didn’t like foreigners receiving state funding, especially those who were just there trying to get rich off their niece’s lucky marriage.To make things even worse Henry and Eleanor didn’t have children right away. As I mentioned she was only 12 or 13, so I’m okay with that, but Londoners were not. Despite this the couple did go on to have five children, the oldest Edward, the future Edward I was born in 1239, so when Eleanor was only 15 or 16 (of note, Eleanor’s brother, William, died that same year, but she had plenty of other brothers left to upset the Londoners). Her and her family’s problems with the people of London would lead to some long-term issues for Henry III. Oh, and there’s one more thing about Henry III’s wife that I should tell you. Her brother-in-law was the king of France, Louis IX. Her sister, Margaret married Louis in 1234. For those who don’t listen to the podcast Louis IX is better known to history as St. Louis, and he’s often considered one of the great kings of France. This relationship will be the in-law relationship that helps Henry III the most, though it’s not always easy for him. 

And now I introduce the last in-law group for Henry III, his brother-in-law. Remember how I said Henry had three full sisters who would need husbands, so which brother-in-law was the issue. Well let’s see who each married, Joan as mentioned married the Alexander II of Scotland in 1221 at the age of 11, so one down. Next was Isabella, she married the Holy Roman Emperor, Fredrick II in 1235, making her a rather old bride, for the time at 21. This left Eleanor. She had originally been married to William Marshal, not Henry III’s regent, his son of the same name. This wedding happened in 1224 when she was nine and he was 34. He died in 1231 when Eleanor was 16. She decided to make her brother’s life easy after this and swore an oath, as in a religious vow, of chastity, so that solved all that. I’m just kidding. She did really swear an oath of chastity, but she failed. I know, complete scandal, a medieval princess having a love affair, someone tell the church. Well, they did, and the church wasn’t pleased. Who was this love affair with? None other than Simon de Montfort, the 6th Earl of Leicester, wait, who is that you ask? Well, you should know, but it’s okay if you don’t, the English crown wasn’t a big fan of his in the long run, I bet even the modern royals don’t want to talk about him. Before I scandalise Eleanor more than needed we don’t know if Simon seduced her prior to their marriage, but we know that Henry III accused him of doing so and that the couple’s marriage occurred in secret in January 1238. Their first child, Henry was born about 11 months after their wedding, so no smoking gun there. As you’ve probably guessed Simon is the problem in-law, as you may have also guessed I’m a fan of Simon (well other than his anti-semitism), just sharing my bias. In fairness, Alexander II of Scotland caused a few problems for Henry III, but nothing compared to Simon. Simon will, in all fairness, be the biggest thorn in Henry’s side. 

So who is this Simon de Montfort? Well, he’s a Frenchman who was also a little English, and Henry III’s brother-in-law. Oh, you want more details. Okay. Simon’s father, also Simon de Montfort had been the oldest son of another Simon de Montfort and Amice the sur jure Countess of Leicester. It’s through Amice, his grandmother that the Simon I’m discussing with claim Leicester. Now, at the start of his life it looked like England and Leicester wouldn’t make any impact on Simon’s life. He was born and raised in France, his father claimed the title Earl of Leicester, but it was held in fact by their cousin, Ranulf the Earl of Chester. The elder Simon’s French holdings and influence were vast, and England really didn’t need to play a part in their lives. The younger Simon was the second son, and his father might have been planning to expand the family holdings to prepare some inheritance for him. Sadly for Henry III, this never happened. The elder Simon was killed by a projectile while besieging Toulouse on the 25th of June 1218, as part of the Albigensian Crusade, this was the French crusade that eventually destroyed the Cather-Christian minority of France. The younger Simon was only 10 at the time. His older brother Amaury was 26 and succeeded to their father’s French holdings and titles. But the brothers agreed that Simon should try to regain their family’s English holdings. 

So, once he came of age in 1229, Simon went to the English court and asked Henry III for his family’s titles back. He was lucky, Henry was charmed by the young man, but couldn’t just take the holdings of Ranulf. But Henry allowed Simon to approach the elder man, at this point Ranulf was near 60, which was not young back in the 13th century. Simon again got lucky, Ranulf was equally charmed by him and he had never had any children. Ranulf had sisters and nephews who he would grant his primary holdings to, but he decided to turn over Leicester to Simon, it was a long process, but by 1239 Simon held the title and some land. While he was waiting to be formally ennobled he seduced the kings sister, as I mentioned earlier. 

Now we have the three main in-laws factions outlined, but how did they hurt Henry III’s kingship? Well, the Savoyard are simple, their presence and control undermined any popularity with the common people Henry could have had. In addition he alienated his native nobility by marrying his wife’s family members into these noble families. Marriage has always been an important way to cement alliances and some of the nobility didn’t like foreigners suddenly having control of local lands, possibly lands that they had been trying to marry into. Yes, completely xenophobic, but not unexpected. So, I’ve got my first wobbly wheel. 

Second comes Henry’s step-father and half-siblings. Henry wanted to reconquer his family’s continental holdings. His grandparents, Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine had controlled all of England, parts of Ireland, and most of the left of France (thanks for the map Phil). But Henry’s father, King John, had lost almost all of their French territorial possessions in 1214 at the Battle of Bouvine against Philip II of France. England only held a small part of south-west France (again, thank you for the maps Phillip). Henry’s step-father, Hugh de Lusignan, didn’t like that Louis IX had appointed his brother, Alphonse, Count of Poitou, a title that meant that Hugh would need to swear fealty to Alphonse. And he was worried Alphonse would stifle his traditional freedom. The nobility of Poitou, the Poitevin, didn’t like this change in leadership either. These two, along with the Count of Toulouse formed a secret alliance against Louis IX and his family. Hugh promised his step-son that he would militarily support him if Henry would come help. Henry III thought that he could win back his grandfather’s great empire. In the end the English lost horribly, Henry’s Lusignan family helped him make some bad tactical decisions (podcast listeners will know I don’t do battles, so you won’t get a summary, sorry), and Henry’s brother-in-law, Simon yelled at him and compared him to Charles the Simple, a French king from the 9th century who was deposed by his nobility. Louis IX and Henry III eventually made up and Henry even paid homage, but the damage to Henry’s standing in England had been done. That’s a second wobbly wheel.

Henry did try to distract his brother-in-law, he sent Simon the Gascony, the remaining continental English holding, to govern. Simon was a bit high-handed there and upset a few members of the nobility. They appealed Henry, who set up a formal audit. Simon was found to have not done anything wrong, but was personally sick of Henry at that point. He resigned his post and retired to France. His wife and children joined him. King Louis was away on the 7th Crusade (his first of two) and had left his powerful mother, Blanche of Castile, as his regent. I should note that I think Blanche is amazing and I should probably talk about her more in a future episode. Blanche died in November of 1252, at the age of 64, while Louis was away. The nobility of France needed a new regent and they looked to Simon. Yes, and English earl who had previously fought against their own king. Simon kindly turned them down. He had reached the point that he wanted to return to England and make up with his brother-in-law. 

Now, this next bit deserves it’s own episode, and I plan on giving Simon de Montfort his own special episode on the podcast, so it is coming. Until then though, let’s see if I can sum things up in a paragraph or two. In 1254, as a member of Parliament Simon stood up against Henry III’s wishes for a temporary increase in taxation. Simon had been listening to the grumblings of the nobility and the common people. He knew Henry wasn’t popular, mainly due to those other two wobbly wheels, so he took a chance. The following year he tried pushing through reform legislation that would limit the king’s power, at this time the king was an almost absolute power. Over the next seven years these attempts to gain some power from the king ended up failing because Henry was able to gain some baronial support, but let’s call this the third wobbly wheel. Simon wasn’t done though, I mean he was for the moment, he left for France again in 1261 and didn’t return until 1263.

And this is where the wheels come off. The other barons had turned hostile towards Henry, all he had failed at, his support of his in-laws over their English rights, his allowing his step-family to walk all over him, his general poor control of the country, they invited Simon to return. At first he got along with Henry, mainly because Henry let him attack Jewish groups in England and they shared the spoils of these dispossessed Jews, I did mention his anti-semitism earlier, it was gross and in general happens to be a huge stain on the legacy of many leading men throughout history. Simon became even wealthier through these asset seizures and more powerful. He was allowed by Henry to take control of council. Henry III’s so, Edward, was not a fan of this. Edward had actually been close to his uncle in the 1250s, but had since come to support his father. He began building his own power base using bribes, but was able to secure support against his uncle and convinced Henry to appeal to Louis IX to adjudicate his and Simon’s disagreement. Louis already had a saintly reputation at this point and was thought to be a fair man. He though was worried about the precedent that overruling a fellow monarch would have and sided with Henry. This led directly to civic war in England with Henry III, his brother Richard of Cornwall, and his son Edward on one side, and Simon, his five sons, and his various retainers on the other. On the 14th of May 1264 Simon and his forces won. Henry, Richard and Edward were all captured, along with two men whose family names should be recognised by podcast listeners, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun. For those who haven’t listened to the podcast yet, former is the grandfather of the Roger Mortimer who will come into play in the time of Edwards II and III as the purported lover of Isabella of France the wife of Edward II and mother of Edward III, and the latter is the five times maternal great-grandfather to Henry V. Oh, and Mortimer will come up one more time in today. I wasn’t joking when I said the wheels came off. The king, his brother, and his heir are now under the control of Simon and his faction. 

Things looked really bad for Henry, I wasn’t joking when I said he had the worst in-laws. His wife, Eleanor, did avoid capture and made plans to try to help her husband, but was stymied by the fact that her son was in captivity. While Henry might have had the worst in-laws he and Eleanor had built a rather impressive nuclear family. They were very close to their children who were mostly raised within their own household. I will also say that while Henry was a prisoner he wasn’t treated poorly, he just had no power. Edward, his oldest, was 25 at the time he was captured but had already shown military prowess. Because he was a prince he wasn’t kept in poor conditions. He was even allowed to ride daily for exercise. One year as two weeks after his initial capture he escaped his guard, he apparently had spent the morning trying out all the horses in the stable where he was held and then when he got to the last one he rode off and no one could catch him because they had tired horses. This story may be apocryphal, but I had to share it, just imagine being that guard watching your charge ride off and realising your horse could never catch him. Edward was able to link up with a defector from Simon’s side.

On the 4th of August 1265 Henry III’s biggest inlay problem was solved for him. Prince Edward and his forces met Simon and his forces  at the Battle of Evesham (Henry was a prisoner at the battle). Edward’s forces won, resoundingly. Simon was basically hunted down by an assassination squad, his actual death cause by Roger Mortimer (though, that word, assassin, hadn’t entered the English language at this point). Simon’s son, Henry, named for the king, also died at the battle. His surviving sons, Guy, Simon, and Amaury fled to France with their mother. His daughter, Eleanor, had been married, not long before the battle, to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Prince of Wales. She died in childbirth in 1282. 

As for Henry, he reigned another seven years after regaining his freedom. He was not kind to those who had rebelled against him and survived the battle. But no one should expect a king in this time to be kind to rebels. Lands were forfeit and the royal treasury was enhanced in the process. Prince Edward took an active role in government. Things were so secure that the prince was able to go on Crusade in 1270, it was what all the cool kids did then. When Henry died on the 16th of November 1272 Edward was on his return journey from the Middle East. He wouldn’t make it back to England until 1274. 

So, how do you think Henry III’s in-laws compare to other royal in-laws. Leave your thoughts in the comments. If you want more of me, talking, but in podcast form please click on the podcast link in the description box. Thank you as always and I have another fun video planned soon. 

Sources:

Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in 13th Century England by Margaret Howell

The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III by John Paul Davis

The Song of Simon de Montfort: England’s First Revolutionary by Sophie Therese Ambler

Picture Sources:

https://www.republic.org.uk/press_releases?page=2

By Anonymous - Cotton Vitellius A. XIII, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4930571

By This file has been provided by the British Library from its digital collections. It is also made available on a British Library website.Catalogue entry: Royal MS 20 A ii, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20987325

By Fuzheado - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=146189635

By Chroniques de Saint-Denis - http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43001, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13518591

By Joan Blaeu - This digital media file - and/or the physical objects depicted on it - originates from the digital and/or physical collections of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, national library of the Netherlands., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41669898

By Unknown author. - Sedilia at Westminster Abbey, erected during the reign of Edward I (1272- 1307), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75816295

Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=830457

By Matthew Paris - BL Parker MS 16 54v (58r)[1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=80932687

By Dom Hyacinthe Morice - Mémoires pour servir de preuves à l'histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Bretagne (éd. Dom Hyacinthe Morice), t. I, Paris, 1742, n°LXXVIII, « Table des Sceaux »., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10801438

Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33083625

By Unknown author - Unknown source, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4034855

By Matthew Paris - https://www.medievalists.net/2013/11/matthew-paris-and-the-royal-christmas-ritualised-communication-in-text-and-practice/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=98208262

By The source for this image is Daily Mail newspaper. This specific image was obtained from PressReader., Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=68210558

By Anonymous - http://www.themorgan.org/collections/collections.asp?id=81, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=125035610

By Chroniques de Saint-Denis - http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=43676, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=13519297

By Anonymous - English: Royal MS 14 B VI (genealogical roll of the kings of England), page 6., Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45234123

By Unknown author - Royal MS 14 B VI (genealogical roll of the kings of England), page 6., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12492894

Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=490606

By Unknown author - This file comes from Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b69342100, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10804286

By HM Government - https://coronation.gov.uk/, OGL 3, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=133959751

By Chronique de Saint-Denis (ou de France) - Royal 16 G VI, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11966205

By Unknown author - The Pictorial History of Scotland from the Roman Invasion to the close of the Jacobite Rebellion. A.D. 79-1646, 2 vols, vol. i, (London, 1859), facing page 68., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1394386

By Unknown author - British Library., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4662114

By William Blake - The William Blake Archive, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=532573

By Chronique de Saint-Denis (ou de France) - Royal 16 G VI, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11966205

By Anonymous - Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, Chronica majora, Part III; Continuation of Chronica maioraBL Royal MS 14 C VII 129v (bl.uk), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9059814

By Horace Vernet - Own work by uploader, photographed at Versailleshttp://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=273473&langid=5, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6801381

By BERNARDUS GUIDONIS - BERNARDUS GUIDONIS, Arbor genealogiae regum Francorum, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65163355

By Archives Départementales de Pyrénées-Orientales 1B31, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1353641

By Anonymous - http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/images/jpeg/i2_0015.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5245213

By cgb.fr - http://vso.numishop.eu/fiche-v48_0012-vso_mo-1-CHARLES_III_LE_SIMPLE_Denier_n_d_.html, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=23400100

By Guillaume de Saint-Pathus, Vie et miracles de Saint Louis - http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/15CRUSAD.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4122269

By Anonymous - http://www.themorgan.org/collections/collections.asp?id=81, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4937961

By This file was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the Archives Nationales as part of a cooperation project with Wikimédia France., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40310859

Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2128282

By This file has been provided by the British Library from its digital collections. It is also made available on a British Library website., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11358032

By anonymous - one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. This may be due to recognition of the "sweat of the brow" doctrine, allowing works to be eligible for protection through skill and labour, and not purely by originality as is the case in the United States (where this website is hosted). These claims may or may not be valid in all jurisdictions.As such, use of this image in the jurisdiction of the claimant or other countries may be regarded as copyright infringement. Please see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag for more information., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6388793

By Anonymous (14th century) - http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=49988, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27403160

By James William Edmund Doyle/ Edmund Evans - Doyle, James William Edmund (1864) "Henry III" in A Chronicle of England: B.C. 55 – A.D. 1485, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, pp. p. 251 Retrieved on 12 November 2010., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12046420

By Eugène Delacroix - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5209190

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angevin_Empire_1190.svg#/media/File:Angevin_Empire_1190.svg